Category:FL/Biosynthesis

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Biosynthesis of Flavonoid

Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups: chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavans, and anthocyani(di)ns. Aurones or isoflavonoids are not ubiquitous.


4-coumaroyl CoA + malonyl CoA
Arrow00d35.pngCHS
Fl1.png
CHALCONES, AURONES
chalconaringenin
FL1CAANS0001.png
Fl3.png
FLAVONES
apigenin
FL3FAANS0001.png
luteolin
FL3FACNS0001.png
CHI Arrow00d35.png (isomerase) Arrow00ur35.pngFS (oxygenase)

IFS Arrow00dl35.png
naringenin
Fl2.png
FLAVANONE
kaempferol
FL5FAANS0001.png
Fl5.png
FLAVONOLS
quercetin
FL5FACNS0001.png
myricetin
FL5FAGNS0001.png
Fli.png
ISO-FLAVONES
F3H Arrow00d35.png (hydroxylase) Arrow00ur35.png FLS (oxygenase) Arrow00ur35.png FLS Arrow00ur35.png FLS
Fl4.png
DIHYDRO FLAVONOLS
dihydro-kaempferol
FL4DAANS0001.png
F3'H
Arrow00r100.png
+OH in B-ring
dihydro-quercetin
FL4DACNS0001.png
F3'5'H
Arrow00r100.png
+OH in B-ring
dihydro-myricetin
FL4DAGNS0001.png
DFR Arrow00d35.png (reductase) Arrow00d35.pngDFR Arrow00d35.pngDFR
Fl6d.pngflavan diol
LEUCOANTHO-CYANIDINS
leuco-pelargonidin
FL6DAANS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.png
(reductase)
LAR
leuco-cyanidin
FL6DACNS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.png LAR leuco-delphinidin
FL6DAGNS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.png LAR
LDOX Arrow00d35.png (oxygenase) PROANTHO- CYANIDINS *    Arrow00d35.png LDOX    PROANTHO- CYANIDINS *    Arrow00d35.png LDOX    *...polymers of flavanols
Fl7 2.png
ANTHO-CYANIDINS
pelargonidin
FL7AAANS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png cyanidin
FL7AACNS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png delphinidin
FL7AAGNS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png
UF3GT Arrow00d35.png (+sugar) epi-afzelechin
FL63AANS0002.png
Arrow00d35.pngUF3GT epi-catechin
FL63ACNS0002.png
Arrow00d35.pngUF3GT epigallo-catechin
FL63AGNS0003.png
Fl6.png
FLAVAN 3-OLS
Fl7.png
ANTHO-CYANINS
pelargonidin 3-glucoside
FL7AAAGL0002.png
cyanidin 3-glucoside
FL7AACGL0001.png
delphinidin 3-glucoside
FL7AAGGL0002.png
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.

Evolutionary Pressure

Rausher and colleagues studied the relationship between pathway architecture and protein evolutionary rates in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways. Upstream enzymes showed reduced rates of non-synonymous substitution compared with downstream enzymes, which are under relaxed constraints, in both broad (Zea in monocot and Antirrhinum and Ipomoea in eudicot [1] [2] ) and narrow (within Ipomoea [3]) comparisons. Similarly, the downstream enzyme is under less selective pressure in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway [4].


  1. Rausher MD, Miller R, Tiffin P (1999) "Patterns of evolutionary rate variation among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway" Mol Biol Evol 16:266-274
  2. Lu Y, Rausher MD (2003) "Evolutionary rate variation in anthocyanin pathway genes" Mol Biol Evol 20:1844-1853
  3. Rausher MD, Lu Y, Meyer K (2008) "Variation in constraint versus positive selection as an explanation for evolutionary rate variation among anthocyanin genes" J Mol Evol 7:137-144
  4. Livingstone K, Anderson S (2009) "Patterns of variation in the evolution of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes of higher plants" J Heredity 100:754-761

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