Adm: /* Monoterpene (C10) */

2010-07-23T02:42:43Z

‎Monoterpene (C10)

Adm: New page: ==Monoterpene (C10)== {{Twocolumn| The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limit...

2010-07-23T02:04:00Z

New page: ==Monoterpene (C10)== {{Twocolumn| The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limit...

New page

==Monoterpene (C10)==

{{Twocolumn|
The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limited: most belong to [[:Category:Lamiaceae|Lamiaceae]], [[:Category:Rutaceae|Rutaceae]], [[:Category:Apiaceae|Apiaceae]], and [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]]. Their structural variation is extensive due to cyclization reactions by some promiscuous enzymes like the limonene synthase.
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Stereochemistry of compound structures contributes much to their flavors. For example, (+)- and (-)-limonene smell like orange ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus sinensis'']], Rutaceae) and lime ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus aurantifolia'']], Rutaceae), respectively, whereas peppermint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha x piperita'']], Lamiaceae) contains both. Likewise, (+)- and (-)-carvone smell like caraway ([[Species:Carum|''Carum carvi'']], Apiaceae) and spearmint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha spicata'']], Lamiaceae), respectively. Monoterpenes also include the iridoid structures, characterized by a cyclopentane ring fused with a six-membered heterocycle with oxygen. One example is gentiopicroside, abundant in the roots of [[:Category:Gentianaceae|Gentianaceae]] plants (e.g. [[Species:Gentiana|''Gentiana lutea, G. scabra'']], and [[Species:Swertia|''Swertia japonica'']]). These roots are still often used as bitter stomachic in traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries.

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==Sesquiterpene (C15)==

{{Twocolumn|
Sesquiterpenes are derived from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and several thousand lactones have been identified. Many are found in [[:Category:Asteraceae|Asteraceae]], and are less volatile than monoterpenes. Well known example include γ-bisabolene, the flavor of ginger ([[Species:Zingiber|''Zingiber officinale'']], [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]]), α-humulene in hops ([[Species:Humulus|''Humulus lupulus'']], [[:Category:Cannabaceae|Cannabaceae]]), and costunolide, the bitter component of chicory ([[Species:Cichorium|''Cichorium intybus'']], Asteraceae). Not a few sesquiterpenes exhibit medicinal activity. Artemisinin from Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is a promising anti-malarial drug, gossypol from cotton seed oil ([[Species:Gossypium|''Gossypium spp.'']], [[:Category:Malvaceae|Malvaceae]]), which is a sesquiterpene dimer, causes male infertility, and trichothecenes are a family of fungal toxins found in grain food infected by Fusarium species.
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==Design of Mono- and Sesqui-terpene ID numbers ID番号の設計==
<center>
12-DIGIT
<table border=1>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:green;" width=15px align="center"><big>T</big>
<td style="background-color:green;" width=15px align="center"><big>P</big>
<td style="background-color:green;" width=15px align="center"><big>1</big>
</tr>
</table>
</center>

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 {{Twocolumn|
 The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category.  Plant families that produce essential oils are limited: most belong to [[:Category:Lamiaceae|Lamiaceae]], [[:Category:Rutaceae|Rutaceae]], [[:Category:Apiaceae|Apiaceae]], and [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]].  Their structural variation is extensive due to cyclization reactions by some promiscuous enzymes like the limonene synthase.
-<br/>
 Stereochemistry of compound structures contributes much to their flavors.  For example, (+)- and (-)-limonene smell like orange ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus sinensis'']], Rutaceae) and lime ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus aurantifolia'']], Rutaceae), respectively, whereas peppermint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha x piperita'']], Lamiaceae) contains both.  Likewise, (+)- and (-)-carvone smell like caraway ([[Species:Carum|''Carum carvi'']], Apiaceae) and spearmint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha spicata'']], Lamiaceae), respectively.  Monoterpenes also include the iridoid structures, characterized by a cyclopentane ring fused with a six-membered heterocycle with oxygen.  One example is gentiopicroside, abundant in the roots of [[:Category:Gentianaceae|Gentianaceae]] plants (e.g. [[Species:Gentiana|''Gentiana lutea, G. scabra'']], and [[Species:Swertia|''Swertia japonica'']]).  These roots are still often used as bitter stomachic in traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries.
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 }}

Category:TP1 - Revision history

Adm: /* Monoterpene (C10) */

Adm: New page: ==Monoterpene (C10)== {{Twocolumn| The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limit...